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1No escape as 'snow day' becomes 'e-learning day' A) Certain institutions, such as schools, are likely to close when bad
2weather, such as snow, flooding or extreme heat or cold, causes travel difficulties, power outages (断供), or otherwise
3endangers public safety. When snowy weather arrives in the US, it means the chance of school children benefiting from
4the long-standing tradition of the "snow day", when schools are forced to close and students get an unexpected day off.
5B) The criterion for a snow day is primarily the inability of school buses to operate safely on their routes and danger
6to children who walk to school. Often, the school remains officially open even though buses do not run and classes are
7canceled. Severe weather that causes cancellation or delay is more likely in regions that are less able to handle the
8situation. Snow days are less common in more northern areas of the United States that are used to heavy winter snowfall,
9because municipalities are well equipped to clear roads and remove snow. In areas less accustomed to snow even small
10snowfalls of an inch or two may render roads unsafe. C) Snow days are a familiar theme in American film and TV shows,
11with children getting the good news and then running outside for some seasonal snowman-building and snowball throwing,
12against a background of joyful pop music. But the tradition is now over for pupils in several US states such as South
13Carolina, Nevada, Georgia and Indiana. This academic year, many school boards have introduced policies which require
14students to work from home if the school is shut by snow or extreme weather. They are known as "e-learning days", which
15certainly sounds less fun than a snow day. D) Teachers are also losing their snow days and instead will be expected to
16be on hand to take a virtual register and answer students' questions online. A pilot programme in a school district in
17Anderson County, South Carolina, has supplied students with electronic tablets loaded with assignments to complete in
18the event of a school closure. If it is successful, it could be rolled out across the state. E) But some parents object
19to the new policy if the vigorous debate on the Facebook page of Anderson County school district is anything to go by.
20"When it snows, let the kids enjoy it," said one commenter. Another said the decision would "ruin school even more", and
21someone else called snow days "a fun part of childhood". But supporters of the policy say it means children will miss
22fewer days of school. It will also bring to an end a less popular US high school tradition: the "make-up day", which
23requires students in many states to make up the time lost due to weather by working during school holidays. F) Students
24in North Carolina already have several make-up days scheduled because of school closures during Hurricane Florence,
25which struck in September. Tom Wilson, the superintendent (主管) of Anderson County school district, said the change away
26from snow days makes practical and financial sense. He said technology has changed every profession, so it makes sense
27to use it to "eliminate" make-up days. Adam Baker of the Department of Education in Indiana said e-learning days were
28proving a "great success". He said most Indiana schools already use digital devices during lessons, so it was an "easy
29decision" to extend this to days when schools are closed. He denies the decision is depriving children of the chance to
30enjoy the snow. "Students are still able to enjoy snow days and outside time," he said. "Many have PE and science
31assignments that have them out enjoying the weather." But local school superintendents in Ohio are resisting proposals
32to adopt e-learning days. They fear that students without internet access at home will be disadvantaged by the policy,
33and superintendent Tom Roth is concerned that e-learning days will offer a lower quality of education. G) There are also
34so-called "blizzard bags", with assignments that children take home ahead of an expected snow closure. But Mr. Roth says
35it is not sufficient as a replacement. "I think we still need the class time to give our kids the education that they
36deserve," he said. "You can't get that with a blizzard bag or doing the work from home like that. It's not going to be
37as effective." H) There is a long-running debate on whether missing days of school affects attainment. In England, there
38has been a focus on tackling absenteeism (旷课) from school. The Department for Education (DFE) published research in 2016
39arguing that missing any days at school could have a negative impact on results. Even a few days lost in a year could be
40enough to miss out on getting a good exam grade, the DFE's research concluded. This differed from the findings of a
41study from Harvard University in the US, which concluded that missing a few occasional days because of the weather did
42not damage learning. I) The Harvard study examined seven years of school results data and could not find any impact from
43snow closures. What caused more disruption was when schools tried to stay open in bad weather, even though many staff
44and pupils were absent. But weather can make a difference to school results, according to another piece of Harvard
45research published last summer. It's hot weather that has the negative impact. The results of 10 million school students
46were examined over 13 years and researchers found a "significant" link between years with extremely hot weather and
47lower results. J) It's obvious that students should go to school every day to get the most out of education. In cases of
48extreme weather students don't always have that option. However, research shows that authorised absences from school
49such as during extreme weather are less problematic for students than absences that are not authorised. This is because
50unauthorised absences tend to reflect patterns and behaviours of student disengagement, or the possible negative
51attitudes of parents towards education that students adopt and carry with them through schooling. The level of impact on
52students' educational performance is all to do with the length of time that a student is absent from school and how
53regularly this occurs.
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