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1A) If this doesn’t encourage you to squeeze in a workout today, nothing will: a new study from Sweden shows that women
2who were highly fit in mid?life were nearly 90% less likely to get dementia (失智) decades later. B) After initial
3exercise tests in middle age, researchers followed the women for 44 years. Both groups lived just as long, but those who
4could ride an exercise bike at a fast rate for 6 minutes in the initial test had a much lower risk of dementia later on
5than those who couldn’t complete the workout. C) The study, published Wednesday in the journal Neurology, couldn’t prove
6that exercise prevented dementia, and the findings aren’t a surprise—it’s long been known there’s a correlation between
7exercise and decreased dementia risk—but the results were particularly dramatic. About 5% of the women with the highest
8peak workload—those who were able to bike the hardest over those 6 minutes—developed dementia, compared to 25% of those
9with medium fitness and 45% who weren’t fit enough to finish the test, the study found. Overall, women who were highly
10fit compared to those who were moderately fit decreased their risk of dementia by 88%. The few highly fit women who did
11develop dementia became symptomatic at age 90 on average, 11 years later than the moderately fit. D) “I’m very surprised
12that the finding was so strong,” said Ingmar Skoog, the paper’s senior author and a psychiatry (精神病学) professor at The
13University of Gothenburg in Sweden. “It really shows the importance of exercise.” E) Dementia, as defined in medical
14dictionaries, is a broad term that describes a loss of thinking ability, memory, attention, logical reasoning, and other
15mental abilities. These changes are severe enough to interfere with social or occupational functioning. Dementia isn’t a
16disease. Instead, it’s a group of symptoms caused by other conditions. It happens when the parts of your brain used for
17learning, memory, decision making, and language are damaged or diseased. About 5%?8% of adults over age 65 have some
18form of dementia. This percentage doubles every 5 years after 65. As many as half of people in their 80s have some
19dementia. F) Dementia is not temporary confusion or forgetfulness that might result from an infection that heals without
20treatment. It can also come from an underlying (潜在的) illness or side effects of medications. Dementia typically gets
21worse over time. People with dementia have problems with thinking and remembering that affect their ability to manage
22their daily life. G) Dementia is typically associated with declines in cognitive function. Yet researchers have found an
23association between dementia and declines in hearing and other basic sensory functions. H) Though the study mentioned
24above was fairly small ( only 191 women took the initial fitness test, which means it’s hard to maintain statistical
25significance while breaking the group down into sub?categories of more or less fit ), it does give us hope that dementia
26can be prevented or delayed through exercise in one’s middle age. I) Alzheimer’s (阿尔茨海默症) and other dementias are
27believed to begin 15?20 years before symptoms even appear, so it makes sense that exercising in mid?life would affect
28the risk, Skoog said. Exercise alone is not likely to prevent Alzheimer’s, but the study shows people are not helpless
29in the face of one of the most feared, costliest and common diseases of old age, he added. And the same activities that
30help prevent Alzheimer’s—including avoiding smoking, getting adequate exercise and sleep and eating a healthy diet—also
31prevent heart disease, he said, making them even more worthwhile. “You can do something yourself to decrease your odds,”
32Skoog said. J) Maintaining a healthy lifestyle in mid?life, decades before disease sets in, makes sense, said David
33Knopman, a fellow of the American Academy of Neurology, who was not involved in the study. “I suspect it’s a dose,” said
34Knopman, also associate director of the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota.
35“Starting in late life is better than not starting at all, but starting in mid?life seems to offer a larger benefit.” K)
36Although it is not entirely clear why exercise helps put off or prevent Alzheimer’s, Knopman said it’s likely that
37exercise maintains good blood flow to the brain. “When the brain is healthier from a vascular (血管的) point of view, it
38can absorb more Alzheimer’s pathogen (病原体) before people become symptomatic,” he said. L) The message isn’t that
39everyone needs to run marathons in middle age, Knopman said, but a healthy lifestyle pays off. M) This type of study
40can’t say exactly what kind of exercise is best, or how much is needed—only a study that has a placebo (安慰剂) group and
41tracks people going forward can do that, said Keith Fargo, director of scientific programs and outreach at the
42non?profit Alzheimer’s Association. “The literature has not yet settled on an amount or type of exercise that is going
43to be key, although the bulk of literature has suggested that aerobic (有氧的) exercise is what you need to be doing,” he
44said. That doesn’t mean you have to compete in marathons but “more than a 10?min dog walk” would be a good idea, Fargo
45said. N) Several lifestyle studies are getting underway soon, including one backed by the Alzheimer’s Association called
46the US POINTER study, which will offer at?risk adults, ages 60?79, a series of lifestyle interventions (干预) to see if
47they impact Alzheimer’s risk. That and other Alzheimer’s?related studies are always looking for volunteers to
48participate, he said. O) In the next three to five years, these studies should allow researchers to provide clearer
49recommendations for exercise and other lifestyle modifications that might reduce Alzheimer’s risk, such as sleep, diet
50and social activities, Fargo said. But it’s already quite clear that exercising at any point in life is better for your
51brain than not exercising at all, Fargo added. P) “If you don’t want to have dementia when you’re 80, the time to start
52getting fit is now,” he said. “It may not necessarily give you a longer life, but there’s a compelling body of work that
53it will give you more good years.”
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