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1A) Most of us spend much more time with digital media than we did a decade ago. But today's teens have grownup with
2smartphones. Compared with teens a couple of decades ago, the way they interact with taditional media like books and
3movies is fundamentally different.
4B) Analysis of surveys of over one million teens in the United States collected since 1976 reveals a major shift in how
5teens are spending their leisure time. Paper books are being ignored, in favor of screens Digital devices are changing
6other behaviors, too. More and more, young people choose spending time on their electronic devices over engaging in
7other activities, regardless of the type. Indeed, by 2016, the average American highschool senior said they spent six
8hours a day writing text messages, on social media, and online during their free time. And that covers just three
9activities, and if other digital media activities were included, that estimate
10C) Teens did not always spend that much time with digital media. Online time has doubled since 2006, and social media
11use has moved from a periodic activity to a daily one in the same period. By 2016, nearly nine out often young women in
12the 12th grade said they visited social media sites every day. Meanwhile, time spent playing video games rose from under
13an hour a day to an hour and a half on average. One out often American 8th grade students in 2016 spent 40 hours a week
14or more playing videogames. Let me emphasize that this is equal to the time most adults spend per week at work.
15D) If teens are spending so much time using electronic devices, does that mean they have to give up some they
16activities? Maybe not. Over the years, many scholars have insisted that time online does not necessarily take away time
17spent engaging with traditional media or on other activities. Some people, they argue, are just more interested in
18certain kinds of media and entertainment. Thus, using more of one type of media does not necessarily mean less of the
19other.
20E) That may be true, but that still does not tell us much about what happens across a whole generation of people when
21time spent on digital media grows. Large surveys conducted over the course of many years tellus that American youth are
22not going to the cinema nearly as often as they did in the past. While 70 percent of 8th and 10th grade students used to
23go to the movies once a month or more, now only about half do this. More and more, watching a movie is something teens
24choose to do on their electronic devices. Why is this a problem? One reason is that going to the cinema is generally a
25social activity. Now, watching movies is something that most teens do alone. This fits a larger pattern. In another
26analysis, researchers found that today's teens go out with their friends much less often than previous generations did.
27F) But the trends related to movies are less disturbing compared with the change in how teens spend their time. Research
28has revealed an enormous decline in reading. In 1980, about 60 percent of senior high school students said they read a
29book, newspaper or magazine everyday that was not assigned for school. By 2016, only 16 percent did. This is a huge drop
30and it is important to note that this was not merely a decline in reading paper books, newspapers or magazines. The
31survey allowed for reading materials on a digital device.
32G) Indeed, the number of senior high school students who said they had not read any books for pleasure in the last year
33was one out of three by 2016. That is triple the number from two decades ago. For today's youth, books, newspapers and
34magazines have less and less of a presence in their daily lives. Of course, teens are still reading. But they are
35generally reading short texts. Most of them are not reading long articles or books that explore deep themes and require
36critical thinking and reflection. Perhaps not accidentally, in 2016 reading scores were the lowest they have ever
37H) This might present problems for young people later on. When high school students go on to college, their past and
38current reading habits will influence their academic performance. Imagine going from reading texts as short as one or
39two sentences to trying to read entire books written in complex language and containing sophisticated ideas. Reading and
40comprehending longer books and chapters takes practice, and American teens are no longer getting that practice.
41I) So how can this problem be solved? Should parents and teachers take away teens' smartphones and replace them with
42paper books? Probably not. Research has shown that smartphones are currently American teens' main form of social
43communication. This means that, without a smartphone, teens are likely to feel isolated from their peers. However, that
44does not mean teens need to use electronic devices as often as they do now. Data connecting excessive digital media time
45to mental health issues suggests a limit of two hours a day of free time spent with screens, a restriction that will
46also allow time for other activities—like going to the movies with friends or reading longer, more complicated texts.
47J) The latter is especially important. I would argue that of all the changes brought about by the widespread use of
48digital devices, the huge decline in reading is likely to have the biggest negative impact on today's teens because
49reading books and longer articles is one of the best ways to learn critical thinking. It helps people to understand
50complex issues and to separate fact from fiction. Thus,deep reading is crucial for being a good citizen,a successful
51college student and a productive employee. If serious reading dies, a lot will go with it.
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