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1Evil Genius A) A few years ago I found myself teaching a university class on evil. It was for third-year criminology
2students to help them contextualize theory and research within controversial current topics. It was a huge success. The
3debates were heated and interesting. I could see people's views change within the course of a single lecture. Over the
4past 13 years, as a student, lecturer and researcher, I've enjoyed discussing the science of evil with anyone willing to
5listen. What I like most is destroying the cliche (陈词滥调) of good and evil, and replacing them with scientific insight.
6We need a more informed way of discussing behavior that at first we cannot, or should not, begin to understand. B)
7Without understanding, we risk dehumanizing others, writing off human beings simply because we don't comprehend them. We
8must try to understand what we have labeled evil. We tend to think evil is something that other people are. We think of
9ourselves as "good people", and even when we do morally wrong things, we understand the context of our decisions. With
10others, however, it is far easier to write them off. If their actions deviate (偏离) substantially from what we consider
11acceptable, we may label them evil. We need to be careful with this. Calling someone evil is often similar to saying
12they cannot change, and perhaps aren't even a human at all. However, when you actually go monster-hunting, and you look
13deeply at the people behind shocking behavior, you may be surprised. C) As a child I used to love the Scooby-Doo
14cartoons. Arriving in their "Mystery Machine", the gang would have to find a monster who was terrorizing a neighborhood.
15They would run around looking for clues and at the end unmask the bad guy. It was always a normal person in a costume.
16There were no monsters. Like the Scooby crew, we may find ourselves hunting for an easy fix, one word for people who do
17bad things. But if we take a good look, the word "evil' is insufficient-there are no simple explanations for why humans
18do bad things: instead there are many, and they are all marvelously different. D) Evil is typically referred to when
19there is deviance from social norms: formal deviance is the violation of laws, like theft, murder, and attacks, while
20informal deviance involves violations of social norms, like lying. Evil behavior is typically thought to embrace one or
21both forms. However, deviance can also describe a behavior that simply differs from the norm. E) Perhaps this is where
22we can find the good side of our bad side. Deviating from the norm can make us villains （恶棍）, but it can also make us
23heroes. A child deviates from social pressures when they stand up for another child being bullied in school. A soldier
24deviates when they choose not to follow orders to kill an innocent civilian. An employee in a big tech company deviates
25when they expose its wrongdoings. F) Creativity is also a deviation. Here, too, things are complex. Thinking creatively
26has given us modern medicine, technology and modern political structures, but it has also given us poison and nuclear
27weapons. Great benefit and great harm can come from the same human tendency. G) In a research paper, Evil Genius,
28published in 2014, the behavioral scientists Francesca Gino and Scott Wiltermuth wanted to examine whether people who
29behave unethically in one task are more creative than others on a subsequent task, even after controlling for
30differences in baseline creative skills. The unethical behavior they chose was dishonesty. H) Over five experiments
31researchers gave participants tasks in which they could cheat. In one study, they were given matrixes (矩阵) and had to
32find two numbers that added up to 10. Participants were asked to self-report how well they did at the end of the study:
3359% cheated by saying that they solved more matrixes than they actually had. I) After each task, the researchers
34measured participants' performance on the Remote Associates Test. This shows participants three words at a time that
35appear to be unrelated, and the person has to think of a fourth word that is associated with all of them. For example,
36you might get "Fox, Man, Peep", or "Dust, Cereal, Fish". In order to find the linking words ("Hole" for the first,
37"Bowl" for the second)you need to be creative. The more you get right, the more creative you are thought to be because
38you have come up with uncommon associations. J) For every one of the five studies, they found the same
39thing-participants who cheated in the first task did better on the creativity task. Why? Like other forms of unethical
40behavior, lying means breaking rules. It involves being deviant, going against the social principle that people should
41tell the truth. Similarly, being creative involves "thinking outside the box", deviating from expectations. They involve
42similar thought patterns, so stimulating one stimulates the other. Can we learn from this? Perhaps. To be more creative,
43we could try lying in a controlled environment. Find online logic games and cheat at them, play Scrabble (拼字游戏) with a
44dictionary, or write a story about something that is untrue? Such tasks can get our brains thinking flexibly, beyond our
45normal comfort zone. This is not a call to become a compulsive (强迫性的) liar, but a controlled liar. K) In addition to
46benefits for creativity, deviance can be a good thing in other ways. Even Philip Zimbardo, the author of the Stanford
47prison experiment, who showed how easily we can be led to behave badly, believes that the future of deviance research
48may lie more in understanding extreme pro-social behavior, such as heroism. Like evil, we often view heroism as only a
49possibility for outliers for people who are abnormal. But Zimbardo asks: "What if the capability to act heroically is
50also fundamentally ordinary and available to all of us?" Some say we should never meet our heroes, lest they disappoint
51us when we find out how normal they are. But this should be liberating, not disappointing. We are all capable of
52behaving like outliers. It's time for us to understand deviance, and realize its potential for good as well as for harm.
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