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1Teenagers and social networking A) As a parent of two boys at primary school, I worry about the issues associated with
2teenagers and social media. Newspapers are constantly filled with frightening accounts of drug addiction and aggressive
3behaviour supposedly caused by violent videogames. But even when these accounts touch on real concerns, they do not
4really reflect the great mass of everyday teenage social behaviour: the online chat, the texting, the surfing, and the
5emergence of a new teenage sphere that is conducted digitally. B) New technologies always provoke generational panic,
6which usually has more to do with adult fears than with the lives of teenagers. In the 1930s, parents worried that radio
7was gaining "an irresistible hold of their children". In the 80s, the great danger was the Sony Walkman (随身听). When you
8look at today's digital activity, the facts are much more positive than you might expect. C) Indeed, social scientists
9who study young people have found that their digital use can be inventive and even beneficial. This is true not just in
10terms of their social lives, but their education too. So if you use a ton of social media, do you become unable, or
11unwilling, to engage in face-to-face contact? The evidence suggests not. Research by Amanda Lenhart of the Pew Research
12Centre, a US think tank, found that the most passionate texters are also the kids most likely to spend time with friends
13in person. One form of socialising doesn't replace the other. It expands it. D) "Kids still spend time face to face,"
14Lenhart says. Indeed, as they get older and are given more freedom, they often ease up on social networking. Early on,
15the web is their “third space”, but by the late teens, it's replaced in reaction to greater independence. They have to
16be on Facebook, to know what's going on among friends and family, but they are ambivalent (有矛盾心理的) about it, says
17Rebecca Eynon, a research fellow at the Oxford Internet Institute, who has interviewed about 200 British teenagers over
18three years. As they gain experience with living online, they begin to adjust their behaviour, struggling with new
19communication skills, as they do in the real world. E) Parents are wrong to worry that kids don't care about privacy. In
20fact, they spend hours changing Facebook settings or using quick-delete sharing tools, such as Snapchat, to minimise
21their traces. Or they post a photograph on Instagram, have a pleasant conversation with friends and then delete it so
22that no traces remain. F) This is not to say that kids always use good judgment. Like everyone else, they make
23mistakes—sometimes serious ones. But working out how to behave online is a new social skill. While there's plenty of
24drama and messiness online, it is not, for most teens, a cycle of non-stop abuse: a Pew study found only 15% of teens
25said someone had bullied them online in the last 12 months. G) But surely all this short-form writing is affecting
26literacy? Certainly, teachers worry. They say that kids use overly casual language and text-speak in writing, and don't
27have as much patience for long reading and complex arguments. Yet studies of first-year college papers suggest these
28anxieties may be partly based on misguided nostalgia (怀旧). When Stanford University scholar Andrea Lunsford gathered
29data on the rates of errors in “freshman composition” papers going back to 1917, she found that they were virtually
30identical to today. H) But even as error rates stayed stable, student essays have blossomed in size and complexity. They
31are now six times longer and, unlike older "what I did this summer” essays, they offer arguments supported by evidence.
32Why? Computers have vastly increased the ability of students to gather information, sample different points of view and
33write more fluidly. I) When linguist Naomi Baron studied students' instant messaging even there she found surprisingly
34rare usage of short forms such as "u” for "you", and as students got older, they began to write in more grammatical
35sentences. That is because they want to appear more adult, and they know how adults are expected to write. Clearly,
36teaching teens formal writing is still crucial, but texting probably isn't destroying their ability to learn it. J) It
37is probably true that fewer kids are heavy readers compared with two generations ago, when cheap paperbacks boosted
38rates of reading. But even back then, a minority of people—perhaps 20%—were lifelong heavy readers, and it was cable TV,
39not the internet, that struck a blow at that culture in the 1980s. Still, 15%or more of kids are found to be deeply
40bookish. In fact, the online world offers kids remarkable opportunities to become literate and creative because young
41people can now publish ideas not just to their friends, but to the world. And it turns out that when they write for
42strangers, their sense of "authentic audience" makes them work harder, push themselves further, and create powerful new
43communicative forms. K) Few would deny that too much time online can be harmful. Some of the dangers are emotional:
44hurting someone from a distance is not the same as hurting them face to face. If we're lucky, the legal environment will
45change to make teenagers' online lives less likely to haunt them later on. Just last week, California passed a law
46allowing minors to demand that internet firms erase their digital past and the EU has considered similar legislation. L)
47Distraction is also a serious issue. When kids switch from chat to music to homework, they are indeed likely to have
48trouble doing each task well. And studies show that pupils don't fact-check information online-"smart searching” is a
49skill schools need to teach urgently. It's also true that too much social networking and game playing can cut into
50schoolwork and sleep. This is precisely why parents still need to set firm boundaries around it, as with any other
51distraction. M) So what's the best way to cope? The same boring old advice that applies to everything in parenting:
52moderation. Rebecca Eynon argues that it's key to model good behaviour. Parents who stare non-stop at their phones and
53don't read books are likely to breed kids who will do the same. As ever, we ought to be careful about our own behaviour.
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