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1ALL BY ELECTRICITY "Sir," said Captain Nemo, showing me the instruments hanging on the walls of his room, "here are the
2contrivances required for the navigation of the Nautilus. Here, as in the drawing-room, I have them always under my
3eyes, and they indicate my position and exact direction in the middle of the ocean. Some are known to you, such as the
4thermometer, which gives the internal temperature of the Nautilus; the barometer, which indicates the weight of the air
5and foretells the changes of the weather; the hygrometer, which marks the dryness of the atmosphere; the storm-glass,
6the contents of which, by decomposing, announce the approach of tempests; the compass, which guides my course; the
7sextant, which shows the latitude by the altitude of the sun; chronometers, by which I calculate the longitude; and
8glasses for day and night, which I use to examine the points of the horizon, when the Nautilus rises to the surface of
9the waves." "These are the usual nautical instruments," I replied, "and I know the use of them. But these others, no
10doubt, answer to the particular requirements of the Nautilus. This dial with the movable needle is a manometer, is it
11not?" "It is actually a manometer. But by communication with the water, whose external pressure it indicates, it gives
12our depth at the same time." "And these other instruments, the use of which I cannot guess?" "Here, Professor, I ought
13to give you some explanations. Will you be kind enough to listen to me?" He was silent for a few moments, then he said--
14"There is a powerful agent, obedient, rapid, easy, which conforms to every use, and reigns supreme on board my vessel.
15Everything is done by means of it. It lights it, warms it, and is the soul of my mechanical apparatus. This agent is
16electricity." "Electricity?" I cried in surprise. "Yes, sir." "Nevertheless, Captain, you possess an extreme rapidity of
17movement, which does not agree with the power of electricity. Until now, its dynamic force has remained under restraint,
18and has only been able to produce a small amount of power." "Professor," said Captain Nemo, "my electricity is not
19everybody's. You know what sea-water is composed of. In a thousand grammes are found 96½ per cent. of water, and about
202-2/3 per cent. of chloride of sodium; then, in a smaller quantity, chlorides of magnesium and of potassium, bromide of
21magnesium, sulphate of magnesia, sulphate and carbonate of lime. You see, then, that chloride of sodium forms a large
22part of it. So it is this sodium that I extract from sea-water, and of which I compose my ingredients. I owe all to the
23ocean; it produces electricity, and electricity gives heat, light, motion, and, in a word, life to the Nautilus." "But
24not the air you breathe?" "Oh! I could manufacture the air necessary for my consumption, but it is useless, because I go
25up to the surface of the water when I please. However, if electricity does not furnish me with air to breathe, it works
26at least the powerful pumps that are stored in spacious reservoirs, and which enable me to prolong at need, and as long
27as I will, my stay in the depths of the sea. It gives a uniform and unintermittent light, which the sun does not. Now
28look at this clock; it is electrical, and goes with a regularity that defies the best chronometers. I have divided it
29into twenty-four hours, like the Italian clocks, because for me there is neither night nor day, sun nor moon, but only
30that factitious light that I take with me to the bottom of the sea. Look! just now, it is ten o'clock in the morning."
31"Exactly." "Another application of electricity. This dial hanging in front of us indicates the speed of the Nautilus. An
32electric thread puts it in communication with the screw, and the needle indicates the real speed. Look! now we are
33spinning along with a uniform speed of fifteen miles an hour." "It is marvelous! And I see, Captain, you were right to
34make use of this agent that takes the place of wind, water, and steam." "We have not finished, M. Aronnax," said Captain
35Nemo, rising. "If you will follow me, we will examine the stern of the Nautilus." Really, I knew already the anterior
36part of this submarine boat, of which this is the exact division, starting from the ship's head:--the dining-room, five
37yards long, separated from the library by a water-tight partition; the library, five yards long; the large drawing-room,
38ten yards long, separated from the Captain's room by a second water-tight partition; the said room, five yards in
39length; mine, two and a half yards; and, lastly a reservoir of air, seven and a half yards, that extended to the bows.
40Total length thirty-five yards, or one hundred and five feet. The partitions had doors that were shut hermetically by
41means of india-rubber instruments, and they ensured the safety of the Nautilus in case of a leak. I followed Captain
42Nemo through the waist, and arrived at the centre of the boat. There was a sort of well that opened between two
43partitions. An iron ladder, fastened with an iron hook to the partition, led to the upper end. I asked the Captain what
44the ladder was used for. "It leads to the small boat," he said. "What! have you a boat?" I exclaimed, in surprise. "Of
45course; an excellent vessel, light and insubmersible, that serves either as a fishing or as a pleasure boat." "But then,
46when you wish to embark, you are obliged to come to the surface of the water?" "Not at all. This boat is attached to the
47upper part of the hull of the Nautilus, and occupies a cavity made for it. It is decked, quite water-tight, and held
48together by solid bolts. This ladder leads to a man-hole made in the hull of the Nautilus, that corresponds with a
49similar hole made in the side of the boat. By this double opening I get into the small vessel. They shut the one
50belonging to the Nautilus; I shut the other by means of screw pressure. I undo the bolts, and the little boat goes up to
51the surface of the sea with prodigious rapidity. I then open the panel of the bridge, carefully shut till then; I mast
52it, hoist my sail, take my oars, and I'm off." "But how do you get back on board?" "I do not come back, M. Aronnax; the
53Nautilus comes to me." "By your orders?" "By my orders. An electric thread connects us. I telegraph to it, and that is
54enough." "Really," I said, astonished at these marvels, "nothing can be more simple." After having passed by the cage of
55the staircase that led to the platform, I saw a cabin six feet long, in which Conseil and Ned Land, enchanted with their
56repast, were devouring it with avidity. Then a door opened into a kitchen nine feet long, situated between the large
57storerooms. There electricity, better than gas itself, did all the cooking. The streams under the furnaces gave out to
58the sponges of platina a heat which was regularly kept up and distributed. They also heated a distilling apparatus,
59which, by evaporation, furnished excellent drinkable water. Near this kitchen was a bathroom comfortably furnished, with
60hot and cold water taps. Next to the kitchen was the berthroom of the vessel, sixteen feet long. But the door was shut,
61and I could not see the management of it, which might have given me an idea of the number of men employed on board the
62Nautilus. At the bottom was a fourth partition that separated this office from the engine-room. A door opened, and I
63found myself in the compartment where Captain Nemo--certainly an engineer of a very high order--had arranged his
64locomotive machinery. This engine-room, clearly lighted, did not measure less than sixty-five feet in length. It was
65divided into two parts; the first contained the materials for producing electricity, and the second the machinery that
66connected it with the screw. I examined it with great interest, in order to understand the machinery of the Nautilus.
67"You see," said the Captain, "I use Bunsen's contrivances, not Ruhmkorff's. Those would not have been powerful enough.
68Bunsen's are fewer in number, but strong and large, which experience proves to be the best. The electricity produced
69passes forward, where it works, by electro-magnets of great size, on a system of levers and cog-wheels that transmit the
70movement to the axle of the screw. This one, the diameter of which is nineteen feet, and the thread twenty-three feet,
71performs about a hundred and twenty revolutions in a second." "And you get then?" "A speed of fifty miles an hour." "I
72have seen the Nautilus manœuvre before the Abraham Lincoln, and I have my own ideas as to its speed. But this is not
73enough. We must see where we go. We must be able to direct it to the right, to the left, above, below. How do you get to
74the great depths, where you find an increasing resistance, which is rated by hundreds of atmospheres? How do you return
75to the surface of the ocean? And how do you maintain yourselves in the requisite medium? Am I asking too much?" "Not at
76all, Professor," replied the Captain, with some hesitation; "since you may never leave this submarine boat. Come into
77the saloon, it is our usual study, and there you will learn all you want to know about the Nautilus."
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