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1CONCERNING MIXED PRINCIPALITIES But the difficulties occur in a new principality. And firstly, if it be not entirely
2new, but is, as it were, a member of a state which, taken collectively, may be called composite, the changes arise
3chiefly from an inherent difficulty which there is in all new principalities; for men change their rulers willingly,
4hoping to better themselves, and this hope induces them to take up arms against him who rules: wherein they are
5deceived, because they afterwards find by experience they have gone from bad to worse. This follows also on another
6natural and common necessity, which always causes a new prince to burden those who have submitted to him with his
7soldiery and with infinite other hardships which he must put upon his new acquisition. In this way you have enemies in
8all those whom you have injured in seizing that principality, and you are not able to keep those friends who put you
9there because of your not being able to satisfy them in the way they expected, and you cannot take strong measures
10against them, feeling bound to them. For, although one may be very strong in armed forces, yet in entering a province
11one has always need of the goodwill of the natives. For these reasons Louis the Twelfth, King of France, quickly
12occupied Milan, and as quickly lost it; and to turn him out the first time it only needed Lodovico's own forces; because
13those who had opened the gates to him, finding themselves deceived in their hopes of future benefit, would not endure
14the ill-treatment of the new prince. It is very true that, after acquiring rebellious provinces a second time, they are
15not so lightly lost afterwards, because the prince, with little reluctance, takes the opportunity of the rebellion to
16punish the delinquents, to clear out the suspects, and to strengthen himself in the weakest places. Thus to cause France
17to lose Milan the first time it was enough for the Duke Lodovico[1] to raise insurrections on the borders; but to cause
18him to lose it a second time it was necessary to bring the whole world against him, and that his armies should be
19defeated and driven out of Italy; which followed from the causes above mentioned. [1] Duke Lodovico was Lodovico Moro, a
20son of Francesco Sforza, who married Beatrice d'Este. He ruled over Milan from 1494 to 1500, and died in 1510.
21Nevertheless Milan was taken from France both the first and the second time. The general reasons for the first have been
22discussed; it remains to name those for the second, and to see what resources he had, and what any one in his situation
23would have had for maintaining himself more securely in his acquisition than did the King of France. Now I say that
24those dominions which, when acquired, are added to an ancient state by him who acquires them, are either of the same
25country and language, or they are not. When they are, it is easier to hold them, especially when they have not been
26accustomed to self-government; and to hold them securely it is enough to have destroyed the family of the prince who was
27ruling them; because the two peoples, preserving in other things the old conditions, and not being unlike in customs,
28will live quietly together, as one has seen in Brittany, Burgundy, Gascony, and Normandy, which have been bound to
29France for so long a time: and, although there may be some difference in language, nevertheless the customs are alike,
30and the people will easily be able to get on amongst themselves. He who has annexed them, if he wishes to hold them, has
31only to bear in mind two considerations: the one, that the family of their former lord is extinguished; the other, that
32neither their laws nor their taxes are altered, so that in a very short time they will become entirely one body with the
33old principality. But when states are acquired in a country differing in language, customs, or laws, there are
34difficulties, and good fortune and great energy are needed to hold them, and one of the greatest and most real helps
35would be that he who has acquired them should go and reside there. This would make his position more secure and durable,
36as it has made that of the Turk in Greece, who, notwithstanding all the other measures taken by him for holding that
37state, if he had not settled there, would not have been able to keep it. Because, if one is on the spot, disorders are
38seen as they spring up, and one can quickly remedy them; but if one is not at hand, they are heard of only when they are
39great, and then one can no longer remedy them. Besides this, the country is not pillaged by your officials; the subjects
40are satisfied by prompt recourse to the prince; thus, wishing to be good, they have more cause to love him, and wishing
41to be otherwise, to fear him. He who would attack that state from the outside must have the utmost caution; as long as
42the prince resides there it can only be wrested from him with the greatest difficulty. The other and better course is to
43send colonies to one or two places, which may be as keys to that state, for it is necessary either to do this or else to
44keep there a great number of cavalry and infantry. A prince does not spend much on colonies, for with little or no
45expense he can send them out and keep them there, and he offends a minority only of the citizens from whom he takes
46lands and houses to give them to the new inhabitants; and those whom he offends, remaining poor and scattered, are never
47able to injure him; whilst the rest being uninjured are easily kept quiet, and at the same time are anxious not to err
48for fear it should happen to them as it has to those who have been despoiled. In conclusion, I say that these colonies
49are not costly, they are more faithful, they injure less, and the injured, as has been said, being poor and scattered,
50cannot hurt. Upon this, one has to remark that men ought either to be well treated or crushed, because they can avenge
51themselves of lighter injuries, of more serious ones they cannot; therefore the injury that is to be done to a man ought
52to be of such a kind that one does not stand in fear of revenge. But in maintaining armed men there in place of colonies
53one spends much more, having to consume on the garrison all the income from the state, so that the acquisition turns
54into a loss, and many more are exasperated, because the whole state is injured; through the shifting of the garrison up
55and down all become acquainted with hardship, and all become hostile, and they are enemies who, whilst beaten on their
56own ground, are yet able to do hurt. For every reason, therefore, such guards are as useless as a colony is useful.
57Again, the prince who holds a country differing in the above respects ought to make himself the head and defender of his
58less powerful neighbours, and to weaken the more powerful amongst them, taking care that no foreigner as powerful as
59himself shall, by any accident, get a footing there; for it will always happen that such a one will be introduced by
60those who are discontented, either through excess of ambition or through fear, as one has seen already. The Romans were
61brought into Greece by the Ætolians; and in every other country where they obtained a footing they were brought in by
62the inhabitants. And the usual course of affairs is that, as soon as a powerful foreigner enters a country, all the
63subject states are drawn to him, moved by the hatred which they feel against the ruling power. So that in respect to
64those subject states he has not to take any trouble to gain them over to himself, for the whole of them quickly rally to
65the state which he has acquired there. He has only to take care that they do not get hold of too much power and too much
66authority, and then with his own forces, and with their goodwill, he can easily keep down the more powerful of them, so
67as to remain entirely master in the country. And he who does not properly manage this business will soon lose what he
68has acquired, and whilst he does hold it he will have endless difficulties and troubles.
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