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1The pond had in the mean while skimmed over in the shadiest and shallowest coves, some days or even weeks before the
2general freezing. The first ice is especially interesting and perfect, being hard, dark, and transparent, and affords
3the best opportunity that ever offers for examining the bottom where it is shallow; for you can lie at your length on
4ice only an inch thick, like a skater insect on the surface of the water, and study the bottom at your leisure, only two
5or three inches distant, like a picture behind a glass, and the water is necessarily always smooth then. There are many
6furrows in the sand where some creature has travelled about and doubled on its tracks; and, for wrecks, it is strewn
7with the cases of cadis worms made of minute grains of white quartz. Perhaps these have creased it, for you find some of
8their cases in the furrows, though they are deep and broad for them to make. But the ice itself is the object of most
9interest, though you must improve the earliest opportunity to study it. If you examine it closely the morning after it
10freezes, you find that the greater part of the bubbles, which at first appeared to be within it, are against its under
11surface, and that more are continually rising from the bottom; while the ice is as yet comparatively solid and dark,
12that is, you see the water through it. These bubbles are from an eightieth to an eighth of an inch in diameter, very
13clear and beautiful, and you see your face reflected in them through the ice. There may be thirty or forty of them to a
14square inch. There are also already within the ice narrow oblong perpendicular bubbles about half an inch long, sharp
15cones with the apex upward; or oftener, if the ice is quite fresh, minute spherical bubbles one directly above another,
16like a string of beads. But these within the ice are not so numerous nor obvious as those beneath. I sometimes used to
17cast on stones to try the strength of the ice, and those which broke through carried in air with them, which formed very
18large and conspicuous white bubbles beneath. One day when I came to the same place forty-eight hours afterward, I found
19that those large bubbles were still perfect, though an inch more of ice had formed, as I could see distinctly by the
20seam in the edge of a cake. But as the last two days had been very warm, like an Indian summer, the ice was not now
21transparent, showing the dark green color of the water, and the bottom, but opaque and whitish or gray, and though twice
22as thick was hardly stronger than before, for the air bubbles had greatly expanded under this heat and run together, and
23lost their regularity; they were no longer one directly over another, but often like silvery coins poured from a bag,
24one overlapping another, or in thin flakes, as if occupying slight cleavages. The beauty of the ice was gone, and it was
25too late to study the bottom. Being curious to know what position my great bubbles occupied with regard to the new ice,
26I broke out a cake containing a middling sized one, and turned it bottom upward. The new ice had formed around and under
27the bubble, so that it was included between the two ices. It was wholly in the lower ice, but close against the upper,
28and was flattish, or perhaps slightly lenticular, with a rounded edge, a quarter of an inch deep by four inches in
29diameter; and I was surprised to find that directly under the bubble the ice was melted with great regularity in the
30form of a saucer reversed, to the height of five eighths of an inch in the middle, leaving a thin partition there
31between the water and the bubble, hardly an eighth of an inch thick; and in many places the small bubbles in this
32partition had burst out downward, and probably there was no ice at all under the largest bubbles, which were a foot in
33diameter. I inferred that the infinite number of minute bubbles which I had first seen against the under surface of the
34ice were now frozen in likewise, and that each, in its degree, had operated like a burning glass on the ice beneath to
35melt and rot it. These are the little air-guns which contribute to make the ice crack and whoop. At length the winter
36set in in good earnest, just as I had finished plastering, and the wind began to howl around the house as if it had not
37had permission to do so till then. Night after night the geese came lumbering in in the dark with a clangor and a
38whistling of wings, even after the ground was covered with snow, some to alight in Walden, and some flying low over the
39woods toward Fair Haven, bound for Mexico. Several times, when returning from the village at ten or eleven o'clock at
40night, I heard the tread of a flock of geese, or else ducks, on the dry leaves in the woods by a pond-hole behind my
41dwelling, where they had come up to feed, and the faint honk or quack of their leader as they hurried off. In 1845
42Walden froze entirely over for the first time on the night of the 22d of December, Flint's and other shallower ponds and
43the river having been frozen ten days or more; in '46, the 16th; in '49, about the 31st; and in '50, about the 27th of
44December; in '52, the 5th of January; in '53, the 31st of December. The snow had already covered the ground since the
4525th of November, and surrounded me suddenly with the scenery of winter. I withdrew yet farther into my shell, and
46endeavored to keep a bright fire both within my house and within my breast. My employment out of doors now was to
47collect the dead wood in the forest, bringing it in my hands or on my shoulders, or sometimes trailing a dead pine tree
48under each arm to my shed. An old forest fence which had seen its best days was a great haul for me. I sacrificed it to
49Vulcan, for it was past serving the god Terminus. How much more interesting an event is that man's supper who has just
50been forth in the snow to hunt, nay, you might say, steal, the fuel to cook it with! His bread and meat are sweet. There
51are enough fagots and waste wood of all kinds in the forests of most of our towns to support many fires, but which at
52present warm none, and, some think, hinder the growth of the young wood. There was also the drift-wood of the pond. In
53the course of the summer I had discovered a raft of pitch-pine logs with the bark on, pinned together by the Irish when
54the railroad was built. This I hauled up partly on the shore. After soaking two years and then lying high six months it
55was perfectly sound, though waterlogged past drying. I amused myself one winter day with sliding this piecemeal across
56the pond, nearly half a mile, skating behind with one end of a log fifteen feet long on my shoulder, and the other on
57the ice; or I tied several logs together with a birch withe, and then, with a longer birch or alder which had a hook at
58the end, dragged them across. Though completely waterlogged and almost as heavy as lead, they not only burned long, but
59made a very hot fire; nay, I thought that they burned better for the soaking, as if the pitch, being confined by the
60water, burned longer, as in a lamp.
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