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1SOME FIGURES A moment after we were seated on a divan in the saloon smoking. The Captain showed me a sketch that gave
2the plan, section, and elevation of the Nautilus. Then he began his description in these words:-- "Here, M. Aronnax, are
3the several dimensions of the boat you are in. It is an elongated cylinder with conical ends. It is very like a cigar in
4shape, a shape already adopted in London in several constructions of the same sort. The length of this cylinder, from
5stem to stern, is exactly 232 feet, and its maximum breadth is twenty-six feet. It is not built quite like your
6long-voyage steamers, but its lines are sufficiently long, and its curves prolonged enough, to allow the water to slide
7off easily, and oppose no obstacle to its passage. These two dimensions enable you to obtain by a simple calculation the
8surface and cubic contents of the Nautilus. Its area measures 6032 feet; and its contents about 1500 cubic yards--that
9is to say, when completely immersed it displaces 50,000 feet of water, or weighs 1500 tons. "When I made the plans for
10this submarine vessel, I meant that nine-tenths should be submerged: consequently, it ought only to displace nine-tenths
11of its bulk--that is to say, only to weigh that number of tons. I ought not, therefore, to have exceeded that weight,
12constructing it on the aforesaid dimensions. "The Nautilus is composed of two hulls, one inside, the other outside,
13joined by T-shaped irons, which render it very strong. Indeed, owing to this cellular arrangement it resists like a
14block, as if it were solid. Its sides cannot yield; it coheres spontaneously, and not by the closeness of its rivets;
15and the homogenity of its construction, due to the perfect union of the materials, enables it to defy the roughest seas.
16"These two hulls are composed of steel plates, whose density is from .7 to .8 that of water. The first is not less than
17two inches and a half thick and weighs 394 tons. The second envelope, the keel, twenty inches high and ten thick, weighs
18alone sixty-two tons. The engine, the ballast, the several accessories and apparatus appendages, the partitions and
19bulkheads, weigh 961.62 tons. Do you follow all this?" "I do." "Then, when the Nautilus is afloat under these
20circumstances, one-tenth is out of the water. Now, if I have made reservoirs of a size equal to this tenth, or capable
21of holding 150 tons, and if I fill them with water, the boat, weighing then 1507 tons, will be completely immersed. That
22would happen, Professor. These reservoirs are in the lower parts of the Nautilus. I turn on taps and they fill, and the
23vessel sinks that had just been level with the surface." "Well, Captain, but now we come to the real difficulty. I can
24understand your rising to the surface; but diving below the surface, does not your submarine contrivance encounter a
25pressure, and consequently undergo an upward thrust of one atmosphere for every thirty feet of water, just about fifteen
26pounds per square inch?" "Just so, sir." "Then, unless you quite fill the Nautilus, I do not see how you can draw it
27down to those depths." "Professor, you must not confound statics with dynamics or you will be exposed to grave errors.
28There is very little labour spent in attaining the lower regions of the ocean, for all bodies have a tendency to sink.
29When I wanted to find out the necessary increase of weight required to sink the Nautilus, I had only to calculate the
30reduction of volume that sea-water acquires according to the depth." "That is evident." "Now, if water is not absolutely
31incompressible, it is at least capable of very slight compression. Indeed, after the most recent calculations this
32reduction is only .000436 of an atmosphere for each thirty feet of depth. If we want to sink 3000 feet, I should keep
33account of the reduction of bulk under a pressure equal to that of a column of water of a thousand feet. The calculation
34is easily verified. Now, I have supplementary reservoirs capable of holding a hundred tons. Therefore I can sink to a
35considerable depth. When I wish to rise to the level of the sea, I only let off the water, and empty all the reservoirs
36if I want the Nautilus to emerge from the tenth part of her total capacity." I had nothing to object to these
37reasonings. "I admit your calculations, Captain," I replied; "I should be wrong to dispute them since daily experience
38confirms them; but I foresee a real difficulty in the way." "What, sir?" "When you are about 1000 feet deep, the walls
39of the Nautilus bear a pressure of 100 atmospheres. If, then, just now you were to empty the supplementary reservoirs,
40to lighten the vessel, and to go up to the surface, the pumps must overcome the pressure of 100 atmospheres, which is
411500 pounds per square inch. From that a power----" "That electricity alone can give," said the Captain, hastily. "I
42repeat, sir, that the dynamic power of my engines is almost infinite. The pumps of the Nautilus have an enormous power,
43as you must have observed when their jets of water burst like a torrent upon the Abraham Lincoln. Besides I use
44subsidiary reservoirs only to attain a mean depth of 750 to 1000 fathoms, and that with a view of managing my machines.
45Also, when I have a mind to visit the depths of the ocean five or six miles below the surface, I make use of slower but
46not less infallible means." "What are they, Captain?" "That involves my telling you how the Nautilus is worked." "I am
47impatient to learn." "To steer this boat to starboard or port, to turn--in a word, following a horizontal plan, I use an
48ordinary rudder fixed on the back of the stern-post, and with one wheel and some tackle to steer by. But I can also make
49the Nautilus rise and sink, and sink and rise, by a vertical movement by means of two inclined planes fastened to its
50sides, opposite the centre of flotation, planes that move in every direction, and that are worked by powerful levers
51from the interior. If the planes are kept parallel with the boat, it moves horizontally. If slanted, the Nautilus,
52according to this inclination, and under the influence of the screw, either sinks diagonally or rises diagonally as it
53suits me. And even if I wish to rise more quickly to the surface, I ship the screw, and the pressure of the water causes
54the Nautilus to rise vertically like a balloon filled with hydrogen." "Bravo, Captain! But how can the steersman follow
55the route in the middle of the waters?" "The steersman is placed in a glazed box, that is raised about the hull of the
56Nautilus, and furnished with lenses." "Are these lenses capable of resisting such pressure?" "Perfectly. Glass, which
57breaks at a blow, is, nevertheless, capable of offering considerable resistance. During some experiments of fishing by
58electric light in 1864 in the Northern Seas, we saw plates less than a third of an inch thick resist a pressure of
59sixteen atmospheres. Now, the glass that I use is not less than thirty times thicker." "Granted. But, after all, in
60order to see, the light must exceed the darkness, and in the midst of the darkness in the water, how can you see?"
61"Behind the steersman's cage is placed a powerful electric reflector, the rays from which light up the sea for half a
62mile in front." "Ah! bravo, bravo, Captain! Now I can account for this phosphorescence in the supposed narwhal that
63puzzled us so. I now ask you if the boarding of the Nautilus and of the Scotia, that has made such a noise, has been the
64result of a chance rencontre?" "Quite accidental, sir. I was sailing only one fathom below the surface of the water,
65when the shock came. It had no bad result." "None, sir. But now, about your rencontre with the Abraham Lincoln?"
66"Professor, I am sorry for one of the best vessels in the American navy; but they attacked me, and I was bound to defend
67myself. I contented myself, however, with putting the frigate hors de combat; she will not have any difficulty in
68getting repaired at the next port." "Ah, Commander! your Nautilus is certainly a marvellous boat."
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